Key Takeaways
Summary
Nasaw sheds a different light on Carnegie than what we get through Carnegie's autobiography. Nasaw reveals Carnegie's more egotistical and bullheaded side but balances it by showing the good Carnegie he done for the world through the accumulation and dispersion of his wealth.
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- Carnegie's autobiography is good but lacks certain events, chronology is off at times and there are errors either by the author or the numerous editors
- Author has found evidence contrary to the very rational, moralistic man who brought civility to the industrial revolution that is portrayed in the autobiography. Much of his money came from shady business practices and he was not different from the men he competed with, simply different in how he used his new fortune. Recognition that the more he earned the more he could give the community made him an ever more ruthless business man
- By his early thirties had amassed great wealth through Pennsylvanian oil wells, iron manufacturing, bridge building and bond trading
- Moved to NY in 1870s and only worked a few hours per day. However, he accomplished more in these hours than most men do in a day. Spent rest of the day pursuing intellectual and philanthropic ventures
- Every business decision seemed to be spot on and soon saw he wouldn't be able to give away all his wealth while still alive
- Focused on world peace towards the end of his life. Opposed US intervention in the Philippines. Realized at 80 that these efforts were in vain and spent remaining years alone and isolated, unable to return to Scotland
- Birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland, was a center of industrial revolution and textiles
- Father was a good man but not a very hard worker. Mother was the savior and helped keep food on the table
- Moved to Allegheny City, PA in 1848 to escape a depression in Scotland. Father still couldn't get a job so family relied on mother and Andrew got a job as a telegraph carrier
- His first dividend check from a private investment was an eye opening experience for him as it was the first money he made not from his direct, manual labor.
- Exaggerated his role in the sleeping car investment. He merely got a kickback and was not part of the negotiations with Woodruff
- Learned early on while at the Pennsylvania Railroad the importance of cutting per unit costs
- Made his first fortune in oil drilling and then iron bridges
- Took 3 months off and went back to Scotland and traveled the world
- Avoided the draft and made a lot of money by supplying the Union army
- Took a year off to travel Europe in order to soak up culture and see railroads and iron/steel mills
- Spent lavishly on this trip and came back with some expensive investing mistakes
- Invested in some somewhat speculative railroad stocks which he would later reinvest into his steel mills. He left this crony capitalism out of his autobiography and denied it later in his life
- When Carnegie got into producing iron, he immediately brought in similar accounting practices that he used in his railroad businesses
- One of few to survive panic of 1873 without significant losses. Sold a lot of investments at a loss but got enough to keep running his businesses
- Became a bon vivant and ladies man in his late 30s. Very social and became very well mannered and literary. Known as extremely happy and charming. As proud of his charm as business acumen
- Key to Carnegie's steel success lies in reducing costs and economies of scale. He was also very good at bolstering excitement and support for his businesses. Aimed for volume over margins
- Carnegie did a great job delegating, giving his men goals but never the how to
- Spent a lot of time writing and traveling the world in his early 40s
- Eventually married Louise Whitfield when he was 50 after 10 years of courtship and a rocky relationship
- Mother was a huge influence on him and they lived together until he got married
- The railroad boom of the 1880s and the switch from iron to steel rails multiplied his fortune
- First donations were for reading rooms for his employees which eventually evolved into massive public libraries across the country
- Adheres to Spencerian evolution which stated that short term pain (firing people or lowering wages) would have to be endured in order to prosper long term
- Carnegie was very good, for better or worse, at compartmentalizing his life
- Was unique amongst prominent business men in that he wrote a lot and was candid about his views - socialist leanings, very optimistic on America's future, America has a better system and government that Britain
- Wealthy men's money is to be given away and not spent. Any man dying with a great fortune harms his family and greater society
- One of his top men, Frick was excellent at working with politicians in order to ensure tariffs, union laws and other regulations worked in their favor as much as possible
- The Homestead Strike caused Carnegie and Frick a lot of trouble and after it Carnegie was no longer thought of as a man of the people but greatly helped Carnegie Steel as they essentially broke the Amalgamated Union and greatly increased hours and productivity of his employees
- Carnegie and Rockefeller decided to combine forces instead of compete. Carnegie would ship all iron ore in MN on Rockefeller trains to Pittsburgh
- Carnegie was very anti imperialist and publicly criticized president McKinley over his actions in the Philippines
- Carnegie and Frick had a big falling out over agreements made on their holdings of the company. Frick eventually lost and the two men never spoke again
- Carnegie was committed to keeping up volume no matter the price in order to keep the machines and men working at all times
- Combined companies with JP Morgan's US Steel and from his sale became the richest man in the world ~$120b in today's dollars
- Donated millions to the Scottish school system so that worthy but poor students would be able to attend
- Funded nearly 700 libraries in the US and hundreds more abroad during his lifetime. Also donated thousands of church organs. He took his "all eggs in one good basket" approach to philanthropy as well
- One of his strengths was his charm and was able to befriend a lot of powerful people including several American presidents, English kings and many more. He was especially fond of Herbert Spencer and Teddy Roosevelt
- Carnegie took a great interest in politics and was staunchly anti-imperialist and soon became known as the "apostle of peace." Spent the majority of his post retirement life pursuing the goal of world peace but often through means which his supposed allies like Teddy Roosevelt and Howard Taft thought unrealistic and somewhat ridiculous. Carnegie way overhyped his influence and friendship with these presidents
- Was most proud of the Hero Fund which was his own idea
- When he realized he wouldn't be able to give away his fortune during his life, he set up the Carnegie foundation of New York with nearly $8b in 2014 dollars
- Carnegie was shaken by the emergence of WWI and was prescient in saying that unless a group was set up to establish world peace the fallen countries would soon rise up again in revenge
- Carnegie died in 1919 and had given away a large portion of his fortune. He had donated nearly $350m (tens of billions of dollars today) to various causes but world peace and public libraries received most of his attention. He did unbelievable good during his lifetime and set a precedent for other wealthy people on how to effectively disperse wealth during their lifetime. He had flaws like everyone, enjoyed his fame, befriending rich and powerful people and oftentimes bought he knew best but it came from a good place and his never ending enthusiasm and optimism drew people in.
What I got out of it
- It was interesting to get a different outlook on Carnegie's life, personality and influence than what Carnegie portrays in his autobiography. Nasaw is more critical and shows that Carnegie wasn't as pure and innocent in his business or political affairs as many believe. Nasaw criticizes but also makes sure to give Carnegie the credit he deserves for the amazing good his wealth has done for the world
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